Magnetic Cooling Shows New Promise Following Material Discovery
January 29, 2009
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A refrigerator's humming, electricity-guzzling cooling
system could soon be a lot smaller, quieter and more economical, thanks to an
exotic metal alloy that could
permit magnetic cooling instead of the gas-compression systems.
A refrigerator's humming, electricity-guzzling cooling system could soon be a lot smaller, quieter and more economical, thanks to an exotic metal alloy discovered by an international collaboration working at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)'s Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The alloy may prove to be the long-sought material that will permit magnetic cooling instead of the gas-compression systems used for home refrigeration and air-conditioning.
Though used for decades in industry and science, the magnetic cooling technique has yet to find application in the home because of technical and environmental hurdles. The NIST collaboration -- a team of scientists from NIST, Beijing University of Technology, Princeton University and McGill University -- may have overcome them.
Magnetic cooling relies on materials called magnetocalorics, which heat up when exposed to a powerful magnetic field. After they cool off by radiating this heat away, the magnetic field is removed, and their temperature drops again, this time dramatically. The effect can be used in a classic refrigeration cycle, and scientists have attained temperatures of nearly absolute zero this way. Two factors have kept magnetic cooling out of the consumer market: most magnetocalorics that function at close to room temperature require both gadolinium, a prohibitively expensive rare metal, and arsenic, a deadly toxin.
But conventional gas-compression refrigerators have their own drawbacks. In addition, it is becoming increasingly difficult to improve traditional refrigeration. “The efficiency of the gas cycle has pretty much maxed out,” said Jeff Lynn of NCNR. “The idea is to replace that cycle with something else.”
The alloy the team has found is significant for two key reasons. The alloy - a mixture of manganese, iron, phosphorus and germanium - is the first near-room-temperature magnetocaloric to contain neither gadolinium nor arsenic, rendering it both safer and cheaper. In addition, it has such strong magnetocaloric properties that a system based on it could rival gas compression in efficiency.
Working alongside (and inspired by) visiting scientists from the Beijing University of Technology, the team used NIST’s neutron diffraction equipment to analyze the novel alloy. They found that when exposed to a magnetic field, the newfound material’s crystal structure completely changes, which explains its exceptional performance.
“Understanding how to fine-tune this change in crystal structure may allow us to get our alloy’s efficiency even higher,” says NIST crystallographer Qing Huang. “We are still playing with the composition, and if we can get it to magnetize uniformly, we may be able to further improve the efficiency.”
The team of scientists working on the project published their findings, "Origin and tuning of the magnetocaloric effect for the magnetic refrigerant MnFe(P1-xGex)," in Physical Review B. Vol. 79, 014435 (2009).
NIST scientists may have found a way to use magnetocalorics in your fridge.
Conventional and magnetic refrigeration cycles use different physical effects
to cool things off.
LEFT: In conventional refrigeration, when a gas is compressed (2), it heats up, but if it is cooled and then allowed to expand (3), its temperature drops much lower than it was originally (4); this principle keeps food in your home refrigerator cool.
RIGHT: A magnetocaloric material heats up when magnetized (b); if cooled and then demagnetized (c), its temperature drops dramatically (d).
Credit: Talbott, NIST
LEFT: In conventional refrigeration, when a gas is compressed (2), it heats up, but if it is cooled and then allowed to expand (3), its temperature drops much lower than it was originally (4); this principle keeps food in your home refrigerator cool.
RIGHT: A magnetocaloric material heats up when magnetized (b); if cooled and then demagnetized (c), its temperature drops dramatically (d).
Credit: Talbott, NIST
A refrigerator's humming, electricity-guzzling cooling system could soon be a lot smaller, quieter and more economical, thanks to an exotic metal alloy discovered by an international collaboration working at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)'s Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The alloy may prove to be the long-sought material that will permit magnetic cooling instead of the gas-compression systems used for home refrigeration and air-conditioning.
Though used for decades in industry and science, the magnetic cooling technique has yet to find application in the home because of technical and environmental hurdles. The NIST collaboration -- a team of scientists from NIST, Beijing University of Technology, Princeton University and McGill University -- may have overcome them.
Magnetic cooling relies on materials called magnetocalorics, which heat up when exposed to a powerful magnetic field. After they cool off by radiating this heat away, the magnetic field is removed, and their temperature drops again, this time dramatically. The effect can be used in a classic refrigeration cycle, and scientists have attained temperatures of nearly absolute zero this way. Two factors have kept magnetic cooling out of the consumer market: most magnetocalorics that function at close to room temperature require both gadolinium, a prohibitively expensive rare metal, and arsenic, a deadly toxin.
But conventional gas-compression refrigerators have their own drawbacks. In addition, it is becoming increasingly difficult to improve traditional refrigeration. “The efficiency of the gas cycle has pretty much maxed out,” said Jeff Lynn of NCNR. “The idea is to replace that cycle with something else.”
The alloy the team has found is significant for two key reasons. The alloy - a mixture of manganese, iron, phosphorus and germanium - is the first near-room-temperature magnetocaloric to contain neither gadolinium nor arsenic, rendering it both safer and cheaper. In addition, it has such strong magnetocaloric properties that a system based on it could rival gas compression in efficiency.
Working alongside (and inspired by) visiting scientists from the Beijing University of Technology, the team used NIST’s neutron diffraction equipment to analyze the novel alloy. They found that when exposed to a magnetic field, the newfound material’s crystal structure completely changes, which explains its exceptional performance.
“Understanding how to fine-tune this change in crystal structure may allow us to get our alloy’s efficiency even higher,” says NIST crystallographer Qing Huang. “We are still playing with the composition, and if we can get it to magnetize uniformly, we may be able to further improve the efficiency.”
The team of scientists working on the project published their findings, "Origin and tuning of the magnetocaloric effect for the magnetic refrigerant MnFe(P1-xGex)," in Physical Review B. Vol. 79, 014435 (2009).
